ʻO ka hōʻike noiʻi hou i hoʻohui ʻia e ka ʻoihana noiʻi, hoʻolei i ka hao a me ka mākeke hoʻolei hao me ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena Covid-19
ʻO ka hao hao he pūʻulu o nā huila hao-carbon me ka nui o ke kalapona ma mua o 2%.Loaʻa kona pono mai kona wela hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa.E hoʻopili ka hui ʻana i kona kala i ka wā e haki ai: ʻo ka hao hao keʻokeʻo he carbide haumia, e ʻae ana i nā māwae e hele pololei;ʻO ka hao hina hina he graphite flakes, hiki ke pale i nā māwae hele a hoʻomaka i nā māwae hou he nui i ka wā e haki ai ka mea;ʻoiai ʻo ka hao ductile he Spherical graphite "nodules" e pale i nā māwae mai ka ulu ʻana.I ka makahiki 2019, ʻo ka loaʻa kālā o ka mākeke o ka hao hao a me ka hao hao he xx.xx miliona US a hiki i ka xx.xx miliona US kālā ma 2025. ʻO ka helu ulu makahiki hui no 2020-2025 he xx%.
I loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka honua holoʻokoʻa COVID-19, hāʻawi kēia hōʻike i kahi loiloi 360-degere, mai ke kaulahao lako, ka lawe ʻana mai a me ka hoʻokuʻu aku i nā kulekele aupuni a me ka hopena o ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka ʻoihana.ʻIke kikoʻī o nā kūlana mākeke (2015-2020), ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū hui, nā ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali o ka huahana, nā ʻano hoʻomohala ʻoihana (2020-2025), nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā ʻenehana a me nā kulekele macroeconomic, nā kulekele ʻoihana.ʻO ka loiloi ʻepekema mai nā mea maka a hiki i nā mea hoʻohana hope i ka ʻoihana e hoʻolauna pū i nā ʻano i ka neʻe ʻana o nā huahana a me nā ala kūʻai.Me ka COVID-19 i ka noʻonoʻo, hāʻawi kēia hōʻike i kahi loiloi piha a hohonu o ke ʻano o ka maʻi maʻi e hoʻokele nei i ka hoʻololi a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia ʻoihana.
I ka laha ʻana o COVID-19, ʻo ka Mokuna 2.2 o kēia hōʻike e loiloi i ka hopena o COVID-19 i ka hoʻokele honua a me nā ʻoihana hoʻoheheʻe hao.Hoʻopili ka Mokuna 3.7 i ka hopena o COVID-19 mai ka manaʻo o ke kaulahao ʻoihana.Eia kekahi, ua noʻonoʻo ka Mokuna 7-11 i ka hopena o COVID-19 i ka ʻoihana kūloko.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mākeke hoʻolei hao a me ka hoʻolei hao e like me nā ʻano huahana, nā noi nui a me nā ʻāina koʻikoʻi / ʻāina e like me kēia:
Hoʻopuka ka Mokuna 12 i nā mea pāʻani nui i ka mākeke hao hao a me ka mākeke hao hao: *Grupo Industries, Saltillo *Dakota Foundry* MES, Inc. *ACAST *Hitachi Metals*Qingdao Tianhua Yihe Foundry*Huadong Tek West Sen Iron Foundry * Foundatur Casting * Hindusja Casting * Elkem * Grede Holding * Brantingham Manufacturing * India Brake Co., Ltd. * Dalle (Durham) Casting * Anhui Yingliu Group (AOSCO Industries) * Benton (Benton) Casting
Ma ka Mokuna 4 a me ka Pauku 14.1, e like me ke ʻano, ʻo ka mākeke hao hao a me ka mākeke hoʻolei hao mai 2015 a hiki i 2025 i māhele nui ʻia i: *Gray cast iron * Ductile iron * Malleable cast iron
Ma ka Mokuna 5 a me ka Paukū 14.2, e pili ana i ka noi, ʻo ka mākeke hao hao a me ka hao hao mai 2015 a 2025 e uhi ana: * nā kaʻa * nā mīkini ʻenehana * nā ʻenehana a me nā mīkini hana * uila.
ʻO Geographically, Mokuna 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, a me 14 e uhi ana i ka ʻai, ka loaʻa kālā, ka māhele mākeke a me ka ulu ulu ʻana o kēia mau wahi, kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī o ka mōʻaukala a me ka wānana (2015-2025):
*Asia Pākīpika (i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka Mokuna 9 a me 14): Kina, Iapana, Korea, Australia, India, Asia Hikina Hema, nā mea ʻē aʻe
* Hikina Waena a me ʻApelika (i hoʻokomo ʻia ma nā Mokuna 10 a me 14): Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, nā mea ʻē aʻe
Makahiki i noʻonoʻo ʻia ma kēia hōʻike: * Makahiki mōʻaukala: 2015-2019 * Makahiki kumu: 2019 * Makahiki i manaʻo ʻia: 2020 * Ka wā wānana: 2020-2025